Moose::Cookbook::Roles::Comparable_CodeReuse - Using roles for code reuse

       •   Stevan Little <stevan@cpan.org>

       •   Dave Rolsky <autarch@urth.org>

       •   Jesse Luehrs <doy@cpan.org>

       •   Shawn M Moore <sartak@cpan.org>

       •   יובל קוג'מן (Yuval Kogman) <nothingmuch@woobling.org>

       •   Karen Etheridge <ether@cpan.org>

       •   Florian Ragwitz <rafl@debian.org>

       •   Hans Dieter Pearcey <hdp@cpan.org>

       •   Chris Prather <chris@prather.org>

       •   Matt S Trout <mstrout@cpan.org>

       Roles can be very powerful. They are a great way of encapsulating reusable behavior, as well as
       communicating (semantic and interface) information about the methods our classes provide.

       This software is copyright (c) 2006 by Infinity Interactive, Inc.

       This  is  free  software;  you  can  redistribute  it and/or modify it under the same terms as the Perl 5
       programming language system itself.

perl v5.40.0                                       2024-10-20             Moose::Cookbook...rable_CodeReuse(3pm)

       Roles have two primary purposes: as interfaces, and as a means of code reuse. This recipe demonstrates
       the latter, with roles that define comparison and display code for objects.

       Let's start with "Eq". First, note that we've replaced "use Moose" with "use Moose::Role". We also have a
       new sugar function, "requires":

         requires 'equal_to';

       This says that any class which consumes this role must provide an "equal_to" method. It can provide this
       method directly, or by consuming some other role.

       The "Eq" role defines its "not_equal_to" method in terms of the required "equal_to" method. This lets us
       minimize the methods that consuming classes must provide.

       The next role, "Comparable", builds on the "Eq" role. We include "Eq" in "Comparable" using "with",
       another new sugar function:

         with 'Eq';

       The "with" function takes a list of roles to consume. In our example, the "Comparable" role provides the
       "equal_to" method required by "Eq". However, it could opt not to, in which case a class that consumed
       "Comparable" would have to provide its own "equal_to". In other words, a role can consume another role
       without providing any required methods.

       The "Comparable" role requires a method,  "compare":

         requires 'compare';

       The "Comparable" role also provides a number of other methods, all of which ultimately rely on "compare".

         sub equal_to {
             my ( $self, $other ) = @_;
             $self->compare($other) == 0;
         }

         sub greater_than {
             my ( $self, $other ) = @_;
             $self->compare($other) == 1;
         }

         sub less_than {
             my ( $self, $other ) = @_;
             $self->compare($other) == -1;
         }

         sub greater_than_or_equal_to {
             my ( $self, $other ) = @_;
             $self->greater_than($other) || $self->equal_to($other);
         }

         sub less_than_or_equal_to {
             my ( $self, $other ) = @_;
             $self->less_than($other) || $self->equal_to($other);
         }

       Finally, we define the "Printable" role. This role exists solely to provide an interface. It has no
       methods, just a list of required methods.  In this case, it just requires a "to_string" method.

       An interface role is useful because it defines both a method and a name. We know that any class which
       does this role has a "to_string" method, but we can also assume that this method has the semantics we
       want. Presumably, in real code we would define those semantics in the documentation for the "Printable"
       role. (1)

       Finally, we have the "US::Currency" class which consumes both the "Comparable" and "Printable" roles.

         with 'Comparable', 'Printable';

       It also defines a regular Moose attribute, "amount":

         has 'amount' => ( is => 'rw', isa => 'Num', default => 0 );

       Finally we see the implementation of the methods required by our roles. We have a "compare" method:

         sub compare {
             my ( $self, $other ) = @_;
             $self->amount <=> $other->amount;
         }

       By consuming the "Comparable" role and defining this method, we gain the following methods for free:
       "equal_to", "greater_than", "less_than", "greater_than_or_equal_to" and "less_than_or_equal_to".

       Then we have our "to_string" method:

         sub to_string {
             my $self = shift;
             sprintf '$%0.2f USD' => $self->amount;
         }

       (1) Consider two classes, "Runner" and "Process", both of which define a "run" method. If we just require
           that  an  object  implements  a  "run" method, we still aren't saying anything about what that method
           actuallydoes. If we require an object that implements the "Executable" role, we're saying  something
           about semantics.

       Moose::Cookbook::Roles::Comparable_CodeReuse - Using roles for code reuse

         package Eq;
         use Moose::Role;

         requires 'equal_to';

         sub not_equal_to {
             my ( $self, $other ) = @_;
             not $self->equal_to($other);
         }

         package Comparable;
         use Moose::Role;

         with 'Eq';

         requires 'compare';

         sub equal_to {
             my ( $self, $other ) = @_;
             $self->compare($other) == 0;
         }

         sub greater_than {
             my ( $self, $other ) = @_;
             $self->compare($other) == 1;
         }

         sub less_than {
             my ( $self, $other ) = @_;
             $self->compare($other) == -1;
         }

         sub greater_than_or_equal_to {
             my ( $self, $other ) = @_;
             $self->greater_than($other) || $self->equal_to($other);
         }

         sub less_than_or_equal_to {
             my ( $self, $other ) = @_;
             $self->less_than($other) || $self->equal_to($other);
         }

         package Printable;
         use Moose::Role;

         requires 'to_string';

         package US::Currency;
         use Moose;

         with 'Comparable', 'Printable';

         has 'amount' => ( is => 'rw', isa => 'Num', default => 0 );

         sub compare {
             my ( $self, $other ) = @_;
             $self->amount <=> $other->amount;
         }

         sub to_string {
             my $self = shift;
             sprintf '$%0.2f USD' => $self->amount;
         }

       version 2.2207