pam_pwquality - PAM module to perform password quality checking

Authors

       Tomas Mraz <tmraz@redhat.com>

       Original author of pam_cracklib module Cristian Gafton <gafton@redhat.com>

Red Hat, Inc.                                      2022-11-18                                   PAM_PWQUALITY(8)

Description

This module can be plugged into the password stack of a given service to provide some plug-in strength-
checking for passwords. The code was originally based on pam_cracklib module and the module is backwards
compatible with its options.

The action of this module is to prompt the user for a password and check its strength against a system
dictionary and a set of rules for identifying poor choices.

The first action is to prompt for a single password, check its strength and then, if it is considered
strong, prompt for the password a second time (to verify that it was typed correctly on the first
occasion). All being well, the password is passed on to subsequent modules to be installed as the new
authentication token.

The checks for strength are:

Palindrome
Is the new password a palindrome?

Case Change Only
Is the new password the same as the old one with only a change of case?

Similar
Is the new password too much like the old one? This is primarily controlled by one argument, difok
which is a number of character changes (inserts, removals, or replacements) between the old and new
password that are enough to accept the new password.

Simple
Is the new password too small? This is controlled by 6 arguments minlen, maxclassrepeat, dcredit,
ucredit, lcredit, and ocredit. See the section on the arguments for the details of how these work and
there defaults.

Rotated
Is the new password a rotated version of the old password?

Same consecutive characters
Optional check for same consecutive characters.

Too long monotonic character sequence
Optional check for too long monotonic character sequence.

Contains user name
Check whether the password contains the user's name in some form.

Dictionary check
The Cracklib routine is called to check if the password is part of a dictionary.

These checks are configurable either by use of the module arguments or by modifying the
/etc/security/pwquality.conf configuration file. The module arguments override the settings in the
configuration file.

Examples

       For an example of the use of this module, we show how it may be stacked with the  password  component  of
       pam_unix(8).

        #
        # These lines stack two password type modules. In this example the
        # user is given 3 opportunities to enter a strong password. The
        # "use_authtok" argument ensures that the pam_unix module does not
        # prompt for a password, but instead uses the one provided by
        # pam_pwquality.
        #
        password required pam_pwquality.so retry=3
        password required pam_unix.so use_authtok

       Another example is for the case that you want to use sha256 password encryption:

        #
        # These lines allow modern systems to support passwords of at least 14
        # bytes with extra credit of 2 for digits and 2 for others the new
        # password must have at least three bytes that are not present in the
        # old password
        #
        password required pam_pwquality.so \
                      difok=3 minlen=15 dcredit=2 ocredit=2
        password required pam_unix.so use_authtok nullok sha256

       And here is another example in case you don't want to use credits:

        #
        # These lines require the user to select a password with a minimum
        # length of 8 and with at least 1 digit number, 1 upper case letter,
        # and 1 other character
        #
        password required pam_pwquality.so \
                      dcredit=-1 ucredit=-1 ocredit=-1 lcredit=0 minlen=8
        password required pam_unix.so use_authtok nullok sha256

Module Types Provided

       Only the password module type is provided.

Name

       pam_pwquality - PAM module to perform password quality checking

Options

debug
This option makes the module write information to syslog(3) indicating the behavior of the module
(this option does not write password information to the log file).

authtok_type=XXX
The default action is for the module to use the following prompts when requesting passwords: "New
UNIX password: " and "Retype UNIX password: ". The example word UNIX can be replaced with this
option, by default it is empty.

retry=N
Prompt user at most N times before returning with error. The default is 1.

difok=N
This argument will change the default of 1 for the number of changes in the new password from the old
password.

The special value of 0 disables all checks of similarity of the new password with the old password
except the new password being exactly the same as the old one.

minlen=N
The minimum acceptable size for the new password (plus one if credits are not disabled which is the
default). In addition to the number of characters in the new password, credit (of +1 in length) is
given for each different kind of character (other, upper, lower and digit). The default for this
parameter is 8. Note that there is a pair of length limits also in Cracklib, which is used for
dictionary checking, a "way too short" limit of 4 which is hard coded in and a build time defined
limit (6) that will be checked without reference to minlen.

dcredit=N
(N >= 0) This is the maximum credit for having digits in the new password. If you have less than or
N digits, each digit will count +1 towards meeting the current minlen value. The default for dcredit
is 0 which means there is no bonus for digits in password.

(N < 0) This is the minimum number of digits that must be met for a new password.

ucredit=N
(N >= 0) This is the maximum credit for having upper case letters in the new password. If you have
less than or N upper case letters, each upper case letter will count +1 towards meeting the current
minlen value. The default for ucredit is 0 which means there is no bonus for upper case letters in
password.

(N < 0) This is the minimum number of upper case letters that must be met for a new password.

lcredit=N
(N >= 0) This is the maximum credit for having lower case letters in the new password. If you have
less than or N lower case letters, each lower case letter will count +1 towards meeting the current
minlen value. The default for lcredit is 0 which means there is no bonus for lower case letters in
password.

(N < 0) This is the minimum number of lower case letters that must be met for a new password.

ocredit=N
(N >= 0) This is the maximum credit for having other characters in the new password. If you have
less than or N other characters, each other character will count +1 towards meeting the current
minlen value. The default for ocredit is 0 which means there is no bonus for other characters in
password.

(N < 0) This is the minimum number of other characters that must be met for a new password.

minclass=N
The minimum number of required classes of characters for the new password. The four classes are
digits, upper and lower letters and other characters. The difference to the credit check is that a
specific class if of characters is not required. Instead N out of four of the classes are required.
By default the check is disabled.

maxrepeat=N
Reject passwords which contain more than N same consecutive characters. The default is 0 which means
that this check is disabled.

maxsequence=N
Reject passwords which contain monotonic character sequences longer than N. The default is 0 which
means that this check is disabled. Examples of such sequence are '12345' or 'fedcb'. Note that most
such passwords will not pass the simplicity check unless the sequence is only a minor part of the
password.

maxclassrepeat=N
Reject passwords which contain more than N consecutive characters of the same class. The default is 0
which means that this check is disabled.

gecoscheck=N
If nonzero, check whether the individual words longer than 3 characters from the passwd(5) GECOS
field of the user are contained in the new password. The default is 0 which means that this check is
disabled.

dictcheck=N
If nonzero, check whether the password (with possible modifications) matches a word in a dictionary.
Currently the dictionary check is performed using the cracklib library. The default is 1 which means
that this check is enabled.

usercheck=N
If nonzero, check whether the password (with possible modifications) contains the user name in some
form. The default is 1 which means that this check is enabled. It is not performed for user names
shorter than 3 characters.

usersubstr=N
If greater than 3 (due to the minimum length in usercheck), check whether the password contains a
substring of the user name of at least N length in some form. The default is 0, which means this
check is disabled.

enforcing=N
If nonzero, reject the password if it fails the checks, otherwise only print the warning. The default
is 1 which means that the weak password is rejected (for non-root users).

badwords=<listofwords>
The words more than 3 characters long from this space separated list are individually searched for
and forbidden in the new password. By default the list is empty which means that this check is
disabled.

dictpath=/path/to/dict
This options allows for specification of non-default path to the cracklib dictionaries.

enforce_for_root
The module will return error on failed check even if the user changing the password is root. This
option is off by default which means that just the message about the failed check is printed but root
can change the password anyway. Note that root is not asked for an old password so the checks that
compare the old and new password are not performed.

local_users_only
The module will not test the password quality for users that are not present in the /etc/passwd file.
The module still asks for the password so the following modules in the stack can use the use_authtok
option. This option is off by default.

use_authtok
This argument is used to force the module to not prompt the user for a new password but use the one
provided by the previously stacked password module.

Return Values

       PAM_SUCCESS
           The new password passes all checks.

       PAM_AUTHTOK_ERR
           No new password was entered, the username could not be determined  or  the  new  password  fails  the
           strength checks.

       PAM_AUTHTOK_RECOVERY_ERR
           The  old  password  was not supplied by a previous stacked module or got not requested from the user.
           The first error can happen if use_authtok is specified.

       PAM_SERVICE_ERR
           A internal error occurred.