systemd-coredump, systemd-coredump.socket, systemd-coredump@.service - Acquire, save and process core

Configuration

For programs started by systemd, process resource limits can be set by directive LimitCORE=, see
systemd.exec(5).

In order to be used by the kernel to handle core dumps, systemd-coredump must be configured in sysctl(8)
parameter kernel.core_pattern. The syntax of this parameter is explained in core(5). systemd installs the
file /usr/lib/sysctl.d/50-coredump.conf which configures kernel.core_pattern accordingly. This file may
be masked or overridden to use a different setting following normal sysctl.d(5) rules. If the sysctl
configuration is modified, it must be updated in the kernel before it takes effect, see sysctl(8) and
systemd-sysctl(8).

In order to be used in the --backtrace mode, an appropriate backtrace handler must be installed on the
sender side. For example, in case of python(1), this means a sys.excepthook must be installed, see
systemd-coredump-python[3].

The behavior of systemd-coredump itself is configured through the configuration file
/etc/systemd/coredump.conf and corresponding snippets /etc/systemd/coredump.conf.d/*.conf, see
coredump.conf(5). A new instance of systemd-coredump is invoked upon receiving every core dump.
Therefore, changes in these files will take effect the next time a core dump is received.

Resources used by core dump files are restricted in two ways. Parameters like maximum size of acquired
core dumps and files can be set in files /etc/systemd/coredump.conf and snippets mentioned above. In
addition the storage time of core dump files is restricted by systemd-tmpfiles, corresponding settings
are by default in /usr/lib/tmpfiles.d/systemd.conf. The default is to delete core dumps after a few days;
see the above file for details.

Disablingcoredumpprocessing
To disable potentially resource-intensive processing by systemd-coredump, set

Storage=none
ProcessSizeMax=0

in coredump.conf(5).

Description

systemd-coredump@.service is a system service to process core dumps. It will log a summary of the event
to systemd-journald.service(8), including information about the process identifier, owner, the signal
that killed the process, and the stack trace if possible. It may also save the core dump for later
processing. See the "Information about the crashed process" section below.

The behavior of a specific program upon reception of a signal is governed by a few factors which are
described in detail in core(5). In particular, the core dump will only be processed when the related
process resource limits (RLIMIT_CORE) are sufficient.

Core dumps can be written to the journal or saved as a file. In both cases, they can be retrieved for
further processing, for example in gdb(1). See coredumpctl(1), in particular the list and debug verbs.

By default, systemd-coredump will log the core dump to the journal, including a backtrace if possible,
and store the core dump (an image of the memory contents of the process) itself in an external file in
/var/lib/systemd/coredump/. These core dumps are deleted after a few days by default; see
/usr/lib/tmpfiles.d/systemd.conf for details. Note that the removal of core files from the file system
and the purging of journal entries are independent, and the core file may be present without the journal
entry, and journal entries may point to since-removed core files. Some metadata is attached to core files
in the form of extended attributes, so the core files are useful for some purposes even without the full
metadata available in the journal entry.

For further details see systemdCoredumpHandling[1].

Invocationofsystemd-coredump
The systemd-coredump executable does the actual work. It is invoked twice: once as the handler by the
kernel, and the second time in the systemd-coredump@.service to actually write the data to the journal
and process and save the core file.

When the kernel invokes systemd-coredump to handle a core dump, it runs in privileged mode, and will
connect to the socket created by the systemd-coredump.socket unit, which in turn will spawn an
unprivileged systemd-coredump@.service instance to process the core dump. Hence systemd-coredump.socket
and systemd-coredump@.service are helper units which do the actual processing of core dumps and are
subject to normal service management.

It is also possible to invoke systemd-coredump with --backtrace option. In this case, systemd-coredump
expects a journal entry in the journal JournalExportFormat[2] on standard input. The entry should
contain a MESSAGE= field and any additional metadata fields the caller deems reasonable.
systemd-coredump will append additional metadata fields in the same way it does for core dumps received
from the kernel. In this mode, no core dump is stored in the journal.

CoredumpsinContainers/Namespaces
The systemd-coredump@.service service will automatically attempt to extract a stacktrace from a process
as it crashes. For this stacktrace symbols will be resolved based on debug information embedded in the
crashing ELF image, or equivalent debug information separately available on the host OS. For processes
that crash inside of local containers or other mount namespace-based sandboxes, this auxiliary debug
information is typically not available on the host (simply because containers typically run different
software versions than the host). systemd-coredump provides two mechanisms to address this:

1. For full-OS containers running systemd inside it is a good idea to enable CoredumpReceive= on the
unit (see systemd.resource-control(5)), which ensures that coredumps of a container are attempted to
be forwarded to systemd-coredump@.service running inside the container, i.e the container gets to
process and store its own core dumps. Note that systemd-nspawn(8) defaults to this mode if invoked
with the --boot switch. This mode of operation is generally recommended for security reasons: the
security-sensitive processing of the core dump is done within the confinements of the container
itself, by the container's own code, backed by the container's own storage.

2. Alternatively, for more restricted containers (that do not run a proper init system as PID 1) it is
possible to enable processing of the core dump on the host, with access to the debug information data
from the container itself. This mode of operation must be enabled via EnterNamespace= in
coredump.conf(5), and defaults to off, for security reasons.

If both CoredumpReceive= is enabled on the unit of the container the core dump belongs to, and
EnterNamespace= is enabled in the coredump.conf configuration file, the former takes precedence.

Information About The Crashed Process

coredumpctl(1) can be used to retrieve saved core dumps independently of their location, to display
information, and to process them e.g. by passing to the GNU debugger (gdb).

Data stored in the journal can be also viewed with journalctl(1) as usual (or from any other process,
using the sd-journal(3) API). The relevant messages have MESSAGE_ID=fc2e22bc6ee647b6b90729ab34a250b1:

$ journalctl MESSAGE_ID=fc2e22bc6ee647b6b90729ab34a250b1 -o verbose
...
MESSAGE_ID=fc2e22bc6ee647b6b90729ab34a250b1
COREDUMP_PID=552351
COREDUMP_UID=1000
COREDUMP_GID=1000
COREDUMP_SIGNAL_NAME=SIGSEGV
COREDUMP_SIGNAL=11
COREDUMP_TIMESTAMP=1614342930000000
COREDUMP_COMM=Web Content
COREDUMP_EXE=/usr/lib64/firefox/firefox
COREDUMP_USER_UNIT=app-gnome-firefox-552136.scope
COREDUMP_CMDLINE=/usr/lib64/firefox/firefox -contentproc -childID 5 -isForBrowser ...
COREDUMP_CGROUP=/user.slice/user-1000.slice/user@1000.service/app.slice/app-....scope
COREDUMP_FILENAME=/var/lib/systemd/coredump/core.Web....552351.....zst
...

The following fields are saved (if known) with the journal entry

COREDUMP_UID=, COREDUMP_PID=, COREDUMP_GID=
The process number (PID), owner user number (UID), and group number (GID) of the crashed process.

When the crashed process was part of a container (or in a process or user namespace in general),
those are the values as seen outside, in the namespace where systemd-coredump is running.

Added in version 248.

COREDUMP_BY_PIDFD=
If the crashed process was analyzed using a PIDFD provided by the kernel (requires kernel v6.16) then
this field will be present and set to "1". If this field is not set, then the crashed process was
analyzed via a PID, which is known to be subject to race conditions.

Added in version 258.

COREDUMP_TIMESTAMP=
The time of the crash as reported by the kernel (in μs since the epoch).

Added in version 248.

COREDUMP_RLIMIT=
The core file size soft resource limit, see getrlimit(2).

Added in version 248.

COREDUMP_UNIT=, COREDUMP_SLICE=
The system unit and slice names.

When the crashed process was in container, those are the units names outside, in the main system
manager.

Added in version 248.

COREDUMP_CGROUP=
The primary cgroup of the unit of the crashed process.

When the crashed process was in a container, this is the full path, as seen outside of the container.

Added in version 248.

COREDUMP_PROC_CGROUP=
Control group information in the format used in /proc/self/cgroup. On systems with the unified cgroup
hierarchy, this is a single path prefixed with "0::", and multiple paths prefixed with controller
numbers on legacy systems.

When the crashed process was in a container, this is the full path, as seen outside of the container.

Added in version 248.

COREDUMP_OWNER_UID=, COREDUMP_USER_UNIT=, COREDUMP_SESSION=
The numerical UID of the user owning the login session or systemd user unit of the crashed process,
the user manager unit, and the session identifier. All three fields are only present for user
processes.

When the crashed process was in container, those are the values outside, in the main system.

Added in version 248.

COREDUMP_SIGNAL_NAME=, COREDUMP_SIGNAL=
The terminating signal name (with the "SIG" prefix [4]) and numerical value. (Both are included
because signal numbers vary by architecture.)

Added in version 248.

COREDUMP_CWD=, COREDUMP_ROOT=
The current working directory and root directory of the crashed process.

When the crashed process is in a container, those paths are relative to the root of the container's
mount namespace.

Added in version 248.

COREDUMP_DUMPABLE=
The PR_GET_DUMPABLE field as reported by the kernel, see prctl(2).

Added in version 258.

COREDUMP_OPEN_FDS=
Information about open file descriptors, in the following format:

fd:/path/to/file
pos: ...
flags: ...
...

The first line contains the file descriptor number fd and the path, while subsequent lines show the
contents of /proc/pid/fdinfo/fd.

Added in version 248.

COREDUMP_EXE=
The destination of the /proc/pid/exe symlink.

When the crashed process is in a container, that path is relative to the root of the container's
mount namespace.

Added in version 248.

COREDUMP_CMDLINE=, COREDUMP_COMM=, COREDUMP_ENVIRON=, COREDUMP_PROC_AUXV=, COREDUMP_PROC_LIMITS=,
COREDUMP_PROC_MAPS=, COREDUMP_PROC_MOUNTINFO=, COREDUMP_PROC_STATUS=
Fields that map the per-process entries in the /proc/ filesystem: /proc/pid/cmdline (the command line
of the crashed process), /proc/pid/comm (the command name associated with the process),
/proc/pid/environ (the environment block of the crashed process), /proc/pid/auxv (the auxiliary
vector of the crashed process, see getauxval(3)), /proc/pid/limits (the soft and hard resource
limits), /proc/pid/maps (memory regions visible to the process and their access permissions),
/proc/pid/mountinfo (mount points in the process's mount namespace), /proc/pid/status (various
metadata about the process).

See proc(5) for more information.

Added in version 248.

COREDUMP_HOSTNAME=
The system hostname.

When the crashed process was in container, this is the container hostname.

Added in version 248.

COREDUMP_CONTAINER_CMDLINE=
For processes running in a container, the command line of the process spawning the container (the
first parent process with a different mount namespace).

Added in version 248.

COREDUMP=
When the core is stored in the journal, the core image itself.

Added in version 248.

COREDUMP_FILENAME=
When the core is stored externally, the path to the core file.

Added in version 248.

COREDUMP_TRUNCATED=
Set to "1" when the saved coredump was truncated. (A partial core image may still be processed by
some tools, though obviously not all information is available.)

Added in version 248.

COREDUMP_PACKAGE_NAME=, COREDUMP_PACKAGE_VERSION=, COREDUMP_PACKAGE_JSON=
If the executable contained .package metadata ELF notes, they will be parsed and attached. The
package and packageVersion of the 'main' ELF module (ie: the executable) will be appended
individually. The JSON-formatted content of all modules will be appended as a single JSON object,
each with the module name as the key. For more information about this metadata format and content,
see thecoredumpmetadataspec[5].

Added in version 249.

MESSAGE=
The message generated by systemd-coredump that includes the backtrace if it was successfully
generated. When systemd-coredump is invoked with --backtrace, this field is provided by the caller.

Added in version 248.

Various other fields exist in the journal entry, but pertain to the logging process, i.e.
systemd-coredump, not the crashed process. See systemd.journal-fields(7).

The following fields are saved (if known) with the external file listed in COREDUMP_FILENAME= as extended
attributes:

user.coredump.pid, user.coredump.uid, user.coredump.gid, user.coredump.signal, user.coredump.timestamp,
user.coredump.rlimit, user.coredump.hostname, user.coredump.comm, user.coredump.exe
Those are the same as COREDUMP_PID=, COREDUMP_UID=, COREDUMP_GID=, COREDUMP_SIGNAL=,
COREDUMP_TIMESTAMP=, COREDUMP_RLIMIT=, COREDUMP_HOSTNAME=, COREDUMP_COMM=, and COREDUMP_EXE=,
described above.

Added in version 248.

Those can be viewed using getfattr(1). For the core file described in the journal entry shown above:

$ getfattr --absolute-names -d /var/lib/systemd/coredump/core.Web....552351.....zst
# file: /var/lib/systemd/coredump/core.Web....552351.....zst
user.coredump.pid="552351"
user.coredump.uid="1000"
user.coredump.gid="1000"
user.coredump.signal="11"
user.coredump.timestamp="1614342930000000"
user.coredump.comm="Web Content"
user.coredump.exe="/usr/lib64/firefox/firefox"
...

Name

       systemd-coredump, systemd-coredump.socket, systemd-coredump@.service - Acquire, save and process core
       dumps

Notes

        1. systemd Coredump Handling
           https://systemd.io/COREDUMP

        2. Journal Export Format
           https://systemd.io/JOURNAL_EXPORT_FORMATS#journal-export-format

        3. systemd-coredump-python
           https://github.com/systemd/systemd-coredump-python

        4. kill(1)  expects  signal  names without the prefix; kill(2) uses the prefix; all systemd tools accept
           signal names both with and without the prefix.

        5. the coredump metadata spec
           https://systemd.io/COREDUMP_PACKAGE_METADATA/

systemd 257.7                                                                                SYSTEMD-COREDUMP(8)

Synopsis

       /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-coredump

       /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-coredump --backtrace

       systemd-coredump@.service

       systemd-coredump.socket