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shred - overwrite a file to hide its contents, and optionally delete it

Author

       Written by Colin Plumb.

Description

       Overwrite  the  specified FILE(s) repeatedly, in order to make it harder for even very expensive hardware
       probing to recover the data.

       If FILE is -, shred standard output.

       Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.

       -f, --force
              change permissions to allow writing if necessary

       -n, --iterations=N
              overwrite N times instead of the default (3)

       --random-source=FILE
              get random bytes from FILE

       -s, --size=N
              shred this many bytes (suffixes like K, M, G accepted)

       -u     deallocate and remove file after overwriting

       --remove[=HOW]
              like -u but give control on HOW to delete;  See below

       -v, --verbose
              show progress

       -x, --exact
              do not round file sizes up to the next full block;

              this is the default for non-regular files

       -z, --zero
              add a final overwrite with zeros to hide shredding

       --help display this help and exit

       --version
              output version information and exit

       Delete FILE(s) if --remove (-u) is specified.  The default is not to  remove  the  files  because  it  is
       common  to  operate  on  device  files like /dev/hda, and those files usually should not be removed.  The
       optional HOW parameter indicates how to remove a directory entry: 'unlink' => use a standard unlink call.
       'wipe' => also first obfuscate bytes in the name.  'wipesync' => also sync each obfuscated  byte  to  the
       device.  The default mode is 'wipesync', but note it can be expensive.

       CAUTION:  shred  assumes  the file system and hardware overwrite data in place.  Although this is common,
       many platforms operate otherwise.  Also, backups and mirrors may contain unremovable copies that will let
       a shredded file be recovered later.  See the GNU coreutils manual for details.

Name

       shred - overwrite a file to hide its contents, and optionally delete it

Reporting Bugs

       GNU coreutils online help: <https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/>
       Report any translation bugs to <https://translationproject.org/team/>

See Also

       Full documentation <https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/shred>
       or available locally via: info '(coreutils) shred invocation'

GNU coreutils 9.5                                  April 2025                                           SHRED(1)

Synopsis

shred [OPTION]... FILE...

See Also