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Contents
Color Editing
Changing the the color of a set of pixels is performed interactively. There is no command line argument
to edit a pixel. To begin, choose Color from the ImageEdit submenu of the Command widget.
Alternatively, press c in the image window.
A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the image window. You are now in color edit
mode. To exit immediately, press Dismiss. In color edit mode, the Commandwidget has these options:
Method
point
replace
floodfill
reset
PixelColor
black
blue
cyan
green
gray
red
magenta
yellow
white
Browser...
BorderColor
black
blue
cyan
green
gray
red
magenta
yellow
white
Browser...
Fuzz
0
2
4
8
16
Dialog...
UndoHelpDismiss
Choose a color editing method from the Method sub-menu of the Command widget. The pointmethod recolors
any pixel selected with the pointer unless the button is released. The replacemethod recolors any pixel
that matches the color of the pixel you select with a button press. Floodfill recolors any pixel that
matches the color of the pixel you select with a button press and is a neighbor. Whereas filltoborder
changes the matte value of any neighbor pixel that is not the border color. Finally reset changes the
entire image to the designated color.
Next, choose a pixel color from the PixelColor sub-menu. Additional pixel colors can be specified with
the color browser. You can change the menu colors by setting the X resources pen1 through pen9.
Now press button 1 to select a pixel within the Image window to change its color. Additional pixels may
be recolored as prescribed by the method you choose. additional pixels by increasing the Delta value.
If the Magnifywidget is mapped, it can be helpful in positioning your pointer within the image (refer to
button 2). Alternatively you can select a pixel to recolor from within the Magnifywidget. Move the
pointer to the Magnifywidget and position the pixel with the cursor control keys. Finally, press a
button to recolor the selected pixel (or pixels).
The actual color you request for the pixels is saved in the image. However, the color that appears in
your Image window may be different. For example, on a monochrome screen the pixel will appear black or
white even if you choose the color red as the pixel color. However, the image saved to a file with -write
is written with red pixels. To assure the correct color text in the final image, any PseudoClass image is
promoted to DirectClass To force a PseudoClass image to remain PseudoClass, use -colors.
Command Widget
The Command widget lists a number of sub-menus and commands. They are
File
Open...
Next
Former
Select...
Save...
Print...
Delete...
Canvas...
Visual Directory...
Quit
Edit
Undo
Redo
Cut
Copy
Paste
View
Half Size
Original Size
Double Size
Resize...
Apply
Refresh
Restore
Transform
Crop
Chop
Flop
Flip
Rotate Right
Rotate Left
Rotate...
Shear...
Roll...
Trim Edges
Enhance
Hue...
Saturation...
Brightness...
Gamma...
Spiff...
Dull
Equalize
Normalize
Negate
GRAYscale
Quantize...
Effects
Despeckle
Emboss
Reduce Noise
Add Noise
Sharpen...
Blur...
Threshold...
Edge Detect...
Spread...
Shade...
Raise...
Segment...
F/X
Solarize...
Swirl...
Implode...
Wave...
Oil Paint...
Charcoal Draw...
ImageEdit
Annotate...
Draw...
Color...
Matte...
Composite...
Add Border...
Add Frame...
Comment...
Launch...
Region of Interest...
Miscellany
Image Info
Zoom Image
Show Preview...
Show Histogram
Show Matte
Background...
Slide Show
Preferences...
Help
Overview
Browse Documentation
About Display
Menu items with a indented triangle have a sub-menu. They are represented above as the indented items. To
access a sub-menu item, move the pointer to the appropriate menu and press button 1 and drag. When you
find the desired sub-menu item, release the button and the command is executed. Move the pointer away
from the sub-menu if you decide not to execute a particular command.
Configuration Files
GraphicsMagick uses a number of XML format configuration files:
colors.mgk
colors configuration file
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<colormap>
<color name="AliceBlue" red="240" green="248" blue="255"
compliance="SVG, X11, XPM" />
</colormap>
delegates.mgk
delegates configuration file
log.mgk
logging configuration file
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<magicklog>
<log events="None" />
<log output="stdout" />
<log filename="Magick-%d.log" />
<log generations="3" />
<log limit="2000" />
<log format="%t %r %u %p %m/%f/%l/%d:\n %e" />
</magicklog>
modules.mgk
loadable modules configuration file
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<modulemap>
<module magick="8BIM" name="META" />
</modulemap>
type.mgk
master type (fonts) configuration file
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<typemap>
<include file="type-windows.mgk" />
<type
name="AvantGarde-Book"
fullname="AvantGarde Book"
family="AvantGarde"
foundry="URW"
weight="400"
style="normal"
stretch="normal"
format="type1"
metrics="/usr/local/share/ghostscript/fonts/a010013l.afm"
glyphs="/usr/local/share/ghostscript/fonts/a010013l.pfb"
/>
</typemap>
Description
version displays the software release version, build quantum (pixel sample) depth, web site URL,
copyright notice, enabled features support, configuration parameters, and final build options used to
build the software. The available information depends on how the software was configured and the host
system.
Environment
COLUMNS
Output screen width. Used when formatting text for the screen. Many Unix systems keep this shell
variable up to date, but it may need to be explicitly exported in order for GraphicsMagick to see
it.
DISPLAY
X11 display ID (host, display number, and screen in the form hostname:display.screen).
HOME Location of user's home directory. For security reasons, now only observed by "uninstalled" builds
of GraphicsMagick which do not have their location hard-coded or set by an installer. When
supported, GraphicsMagick searches for configuration files in $HOME/.magick if the directory
exists. See MAGICK_CODER_MODULE_PATH, MAGICK_CONFIGURE_PATH, and MAGICK_FILTER_MODULE_PATH if more
flexibility is needed.
MAGICK_ACCESS_MONITOR
When set to TRUE, command line monitor mode (enabled by -monitor) will also show files accessed
(including temporary files) and any external commands which are executed. This is useful for
debugging, but also illustrates arguments made available to an access handler registered by the
MagickSetConfirmAccessHandler() C library function.
MAGICK_CODER_STABILITY
The minimum coder stability level before it will be used. The available levels are PRIMARY,
STABLE, UNSTABLE, and BROKEN. The default minimum level is UNSTABLE, which means that all
available working coders will be used. The purpose of this option is to reduce the security
exposure (or apparent complexity) due to the huge number of formats supported. Coders at the
PRIMARY level are commonly used formats with very well maintained implementations. Coders at the
STABLE level are reasonably well maintained but represent less used formats. Coders at the
UNSTABLE level either have weak implementations, the file format itself is weak, or the
probability the coder will be needed is vanishingly small. Coders at the BROKEN level are known to
often not work properly or might not be useful in their current state at all.
MAGICK_CODER_MODULE_PATH
Search path to use when searching for image format coder modules. This path allows the user to
arbitrarily extend the image formats supported by GraphicsMagick by adding loadable modules to an
arbitrary location rather than copying them into the GraphicsMagick installation directory. The
formatting of the search path is similar to operating system search paths (i.e. colon delimited
for Unix, and semi-colon delimited for Microsoft Windows). This user specified search path is used
before trying the default search path.
MAGICK_CONFIGURE_PATH
Search path to use when searching for configuration (.mgk) files. The formatting of the search
path is similar to operating system search paths (i.e. colon delimited for Unix, and semi-colon
delimited for Microsoft Windows). This user specified search path is used before trying the
default search path.
MAGICK_DEBUG
Debug options (see -debug for details). Setting the configure debug option via an environment
variable (e.g. MAGICK_DEBUG=configure) is necessary to see the complete initialization process,
which includes searching for configuration files.
MAGICK_FILTER_MODULE_PATH
Search path to use when searching for filter process modules (invoked via -process). This path
allows the user to arbitrarily extend GraphicsMagick's image processing functionality by adding
loadable modules to an arbitrary location rather than copying them into the GraphicsMagick
installation directory. The formatting of the search path is similar to operating system search
paths (i.e. colon delimited for Unix, and semi-colon delimited for Microsoft Windows). This user
specified search path is used before trying the default search path.
MAGICK_GHOSTSCRIPT_PATH
For Microsoft Windows, specify the path to the Ghostscript installation rather than searching for
it via the Windows registry. This helps in case Ghostscript is not installed via the Ghostscript
Windows installer or the user wants more control over the Ghostscript used.
MAGICK_HOME
Path to top of GraphicsMagick installation directory. Only observed by "uninstalled" builds of
GraphicsMagick which do not have their location hard-coded or set by an installer.
MAGICK_MMAP_READ
If MAGICK_MMAP_READ is set to TRUE, GraphicsMagick will attempt to memory-map the input file for
reading. This usually substantially improves repeated read performance since the file is already
in memory after the first time it has been read. However, testing shows that performance may be
reduced for files accessed for the first time since data is accessed via page-faults (upon first
access) and many operating systems fail to do sequential read-ahead of memory mapped files, and
particularly if those files are accessed over a network. If many large input files are read, then
enabling this option may harm performance by overloading the operating system's VM system as it
then needs to free unmapped pages and map new ones.
MAGICK_IO_FSYNC
If MAGICK_IO_FSYNC is set to TRUE, then GraphicsMagick will request that the output file is fully
flushed and synchronized to disk when it is closed. This incurs a performance penalty, but has the
benefit that if the power fails or the system crashes, the file should be valid on disk. If image
files are referenced from a database, then this option helps assure that the files referenced by
the database are valid.
MAGICK_IOBUF_SIZE
The amount of I/O buffering (in bytes) to use when reading and writing encoded files. The default
is 16384, which is observed to work well for many cases. The best value for a local filesystem is
usually the the native filesystem block size (e.g. 4096, 8192, or even 131,072 for ZFS) in order
to minimize the number of physical disk I/O operations. I/O performance to files accessed over a
network may benefit significantly by tuning this option. Larger values are not necessarily better
(they may be slower!), and there is rarely any benefit from using values larger than 32768. Use
convert's -verbose option in order to evaluate read and write rates in pixels per second while
keeping in mind that the operating system will try to cache files in RAM.
MAGICK_LIMIT_DISK
Maximum amount of disk space allowed for use by the pixel cache.
MAGICK_LIMIT_FILES
Maximum number of open files.
MAGICK_LIMIT_MAP
Maximum size of a memory mapped file allocation. A memory mapped file consumes memory when the
file is accessed, although the system may reclaim such memory when needed.
MAGICK_LIMIT_MEMORY
Maximum amount of memory to allocate from the heap.
MAGICK_LIMIT_PIXELS
Maximum number of total pixels (image rows times image columns) to allow for any image which is
requested to be created or read. This is useful to place a limit on how large an image may be.
If the input image file has image dimensions larger than the pixel limit, then the image memory
allocation is denied and an error is returned immediately. This is a per-image limit and does not
limit the total number of pixels due to multiple image frames/pages (e.g. multi-page document or
an animation).
MAGICK_LIMIT_READ
Maximum number of uncompressed bytes which may be read while decoding an image. Each read by the
software from the input file is counted against the total, even if it has been read before.
Decoding fails when the limit is reached. This limit helps defend against highly compressed files
(e.g. via gzip), or files which use complex looping structures, or when data is being read from a
stream (pipe).
MAGICK_LIMIT_WIDTH
Maximum pixel width of an image read, or created.
MAGICK_LIMIT_HEIGHT
Maximum pixel height of an image read, or created.
MAGICK_TMPDIR
Path to directory where GraphicsMagick should write temporary files. The default is to use the
system default, or the location set by TMPDIR.
TMPDIR For POSIX-compatible systems (Unix-compatible), the path to the directory where all applications
should write temporary files. Overridden by MAGICK_TMPDIR if it is set.
TMPorTEMP
For Microsoft Windows, the path to the directory where applications should write temporary files.
Overridden by MAGICK_TMPDIR if it is set.
OMP_NUM_THREADS
As per the OpenMP standard, this specifies the number of threads to use in parallel regions. Some
compilers default the number of threads to use to the number of processor cores available while
others default to just one thread. See the OpenMP specification for other standard adjustments and
your compiler's manual for vendor-specific settings.
Examples
To display the version information:
GraphicsMagick 1.3.37 2021-12-12 Q16 http://www.GraphicsMagick.org/
Copyright (C) 2002-2021 GraphicsMagick Group.
Additional copyrights and licenses apply to this software.
See http://www.GraphicsMagick.org/www/Copyright.html for details.
Feature Support:
Native Thread Safe yes
Large Files (> 32 bit) yes
Large Memory (> 32 bit) yes
BZIP yes
FlashPix no
FreeType yes
Ghostscript (Library) no
JBIG yes
JPEG-2000 yes
JPEG yes
Little CMS yes
Loadable Modules no
Solaris mtmalloc no
Google perftools tcmalloc no
OpenMP yes (201511 "4.5")
PNG yes
TIFF yes
TRIO no
Solaris umem no
WebP yes
WMF yes
X11 yes
XML yes
ZLIB yes
Host type: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
Configured using the command:
./configure ...
Final Build Parameters:
CC = ...
CFLAGS = ...
CPPFLAGS = ...
CXX = ...
CXXFLAGS = ...
LDFLAGS = ...
LIBS = ...
Files And Formats
By default, the image format is determined by its magic number, i.e., the first few bytes of the file. To
specify a particular image format, precede the filename with an image format name and a colon
(i.e.ps:image) or specify the image type as the filename suffix (i.e.image.ps). The magic number takes
precedence over the filename suffix and the prefix takes precedence over the magic number and the suffix
in input files. When a file is read, its magic number is stored in the "image->magick" string. In
output files, the prefix takes precedence over the filename suffix, and the filename suffix takes
precedence over the "image->magick" string.
To read the "built-in" formats (GRANITE, H, LOGO, NETSCAPE, PLASMA, and ROSE) use a prefix (including the
colon) without a filename or suffix. To read the XC format, follow the colon with a color specification.
To read the CAPTION format, follow the colon with a text string or with a filename prefixed with the at
symbol (@).
When you specify X as your image type, the filename has special meaning. It specifies an X window by id,name, or root. If no filename is specified, the window is selected by clicking the mouse in the desired
window.
Specify input_file as - for standard input, output_file as - for standard output. If input_file has the
extension .Z or .gz, the file is uncompressed with uncompress or gunzip respectively. If output_file has
the extension .Z or .gz, the file is compressed using with compress or gzip respectively.
Use an optional index enclosed in brackets after an input file name to specify a desired subimage of a
multi-resolution image format like Photo CD (e.g. "img0001.pcd[4]") or a range for MPEG images (e.g.
"video.mpg[50-75]"). A subimage specification can be disjoint (e.g. "image.tiff[2,7,4]"). For raw images,
specify a subimage with a geometry (e.g. -size 640x512 "image.rgb[320x256+50+50]"). Surround the image
name with quotation marks to prevent your shell from interpreting the square brackets. Single images are
written with the filename you specify. However, multi-part images (e.g., a multi-page PostScript document
with +adjoin specified) may be written with the scene number included as part of the filename. In order
to include the scene number in the filename, it is necessary to include a printf-style %d format
specification in the file name and use the +adjoin option. For example,
image%02d.miff
writes files image00.miff,image01.miff, etc. Only a single specification is allowed within an output
filename. If more than one specification is present, it will be ignored. It is best to embed the scene
number in the base part of the file name, not in the extension, because the extension will not be a
recognizable image type.
When running a commandline utility, you can prepend an at sign @ to a filename to read a list of image
filenames from that file. This is convenient in the event you have too many image filenames to fit on the
command line.
Gm Animate
Animate displays a sequence of images on any workstation display running an X server. animate first
determines the hardware capabilities of the workstation. If the number of unique colors in an image is
less than or equal to the number the workstation can support, the image is displayed in an X window.
Otherwise the number of colors in the image is first reduced to match the color resolution of the
workstation before it is displayed.
This means that a continuous-tone 24 bits-per-pixel image can display on a 8 bit pseudo-color device or
monochrome device. In most instances the reduced color image closely resembles the original.
Alternatively, a monochrome or pseudo-color image sequence can display on a continuous-tone 24 bits-per-
pixel device.
To help prevent color flashing on X server visuals that have colormaps, animate creates a single colormap
from the image sequence. This can be rather time consuming. You can speed this operation up by reducing
the colors in the image before you "animate" them. Use mogrify to color reduce the images to a single
colormap. See mogrify(1) for details. Alternatively, you can use a Standard Colormap; or a static,
direct, or true color visual. You can define a Standard Colormap with xstdcmap. See xstdcmap(1) for
details. This method is recommended for colormapped X server because it eliminates the need to compute a
global colormap.
Gm Batch
Gm Benchmark
Gm Compare
compare compares two similar images using a specified statistical method (see -metric) and/or by writing
a difference image (-file), with the altered pixels annotated using a specified method (see -highlight-style) and color (see -highlight-color). Reference-image is the original image and compare-image is the
(possibly) altered version, which should have the same dimensions as reference-image.
Gm Composite
composite composites (combines) images to create new images. base-image is the base image and change-image contains the changes. ouput-image is the result, and normally has the same dimensions as base-image.
The optional mask-image can be used to provide opacity information for change-image when it has none or
if you want a different mask. A mask image is typically grayscale and the same size as base-image. If
mask-image is not grayscale, it is converted to grayscale and the resulting intensities are used as
opacity information.
Gm Conjure
The Magick scripting language (MSL) will primarily benefit those that want to accomplish custom image
processing tasks but do not wish to program, or those that do not have access to a Perl interpreter or a
compiler. The interpreter is called conjure and here is an example script:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<image size="400x400" >
<read filename="image.gif" />
<get width="base-width" height="base-height" />
<resize geometry="%[dimensions]" />
<get width="width" height="height" />
<print output=
"Image sized from %[base-width]x%[base-height]
to %[width]x%[height].\n" />
<write filename="image.png" />
</image>
invoked with
gm conjure -dimensions 400x400 incantation.msl
All operations will closely follow the key/value pairs defined in PerlMagick, unless otherwise noted.
Gm Convert
Convert converts an input file using one image format to an output file with a differing image format. In
addition, various types of image processing can be performed on the converted image during the conversion
process. Convert recognizes the image formats listed in GraphicsMagick(1).
Gm Display
Display is a machine architecture independent image processing and display program. It can display an
image on any workstation screen running an X server. Display can read and write many of the more popular
image formats (e.g. JPEG, TIFF, PNM, PhotoCD, etc.).
With display, you can perform these functions on an image:
o load an image from a file
o display the next image
o display the former image
o display a sequence of images as a slide show
o write the image to a file
o print the image to a PostScript printer
o delete the image file
o create a Visual Image Directory
o select the image to display by its thumbnail rather than name
o undo last image transformation
o copy a region of the image
o paste a region to the image
o restore the image to its original size
o refresh the image
o half the image size
o double the image size
o resize the image
o crop the image
o cut the image
o flop image in the horizontal direction
o flip image in the vertical direction
o rotate the image 90 degrees clockwise
o rotate the image 90 degrees counter-clockwise
o rotate the image
o shear the image
o roll the image
o trim the image edges
o invert the colors of the image
o vary the color brightness
o vary the color saturation
o vary the image hue
o gamma correct the image
o sharpen the image contrast
o dull the image contrast
o perform histogram equalization on the image
o perform histogram normalization on the image
o negate the image colors
o convert the image to grayscale
o set the maximum number of unique colors in the image
o reduce the speckles within an image
o eliminate peak noise from an image
o detect edges within the image
o emboss an image
o segment the image by color
o simulate an oil painting
o simulate a charcoal drawing
o annotate the image with text
o draw on the image
o edit an image pixel color
o edit the image matte information
o composite an image with another
o add a border to the image
o surround image with an ornamental border
o apply image processing techniques to a region of interest
o display information about the image
o zoom a portion of the image
o show a histogram of the image
o display image to background of a window
o set user preferences
o display information about this program
o discard all images and exit program
o change the level of magnification
o display images specified by a World Wide Web (WWW) uniform resource locator (URL)
Gm Import
Import reads an image from any visible window on an X server and outputs it as an image file. You can
capture a single window, the entire screen, or any rectangular portion of the screen. Use display for
redisplay, printing, editing, formatting, archiving, image processing, etc. of the captured image.
The target window can be specified by id, name, or may be selected by clicking the mouse in the desired
window. If you press a button and then drag, a rectangle will form which expands and contracts as the
mouse moves. To save the portion of the screen defined by the rectangle, just release the button. The
keyboard bell is rung once at the beginning of the screen capture and twice when it completes.
Gm Mogrify
Mogrify transforms an image or a sequence of images. These transforms include image scaling, image
rotation, color reduction, and others. Each transmogrified image overwrites the corresponding original
image, unless an option such as -format causes the output filename to be different from the input
filename.
The graphics formats supported by mogrify are listed in GraphicsMagick(1).
Gm Montage
montage creates a composite image by combining several separate images. The images are tiled on the
composite image with the name of the image optionally appearing just below the individual tile.
The composite image is constructed in the following manner. First, each image specified on the command
line, except for the last, is scaled to fit the maximum tile size. The maximum tile size by default is
120x120. It can be modified with the -geometry command line argument or X resource. See Options for more
information on command line arguments. See X(1) for more information on X resources. Note that the
maximum tile size need not be a square.
Next the composite image is initialized with the color specified by the -background command line argument
or X resource. The width and height of the composite image is determined by the title specified, the
maximum tile size, the number of tiles per row, the tile border width and height, the image border width,
and the label height. The number of tiles per row specifies how many images are to appear in each row of
the composite image. The default is to have 5 tiles in each row and 4 tiles in each column of the
composite. A specific value is specified with -tile. The tile border width and height, and the image
border width defaults to the value of the X resource -borderwidth. It can be changed with the
-borderwidth or -geometry command line argument or X resource. The label height is determined by the font
you specify with the -font command line argument or X resource. If you do not specify a font, a font is
chosen that allows the name of the image to fit the maximum width of a tiled area. The label colors is
determined by the -background and -fill command line argument or X resource. Note, that if the background
and pen colors are the same, labels will not appear.
Initially, the composite image title is placed at the top if one is specified (refer to -fill). Next,
each image is set onto the composite image, surrounded by its border color, with its name centered just
below it. The individual images are left-justified within the width of the tiled area. The order of the
images is the same as they appear on the command line unless the images have a scene keyword. If a scene
number is specified in each image, then the images are tiled onto the composite in the order of their
scene number. Finally, the last argument on the command line is the name assigned to the composite image.
By default, the image is written in the MIFF format and can be viewed or printed with display(1).
Note, that if the number of tiles exceeds the default number of 20 (5 per row, 4 per column), more than
one composite image is created. To ensure a single image is produced, use -tile to increase the number of
tiles to meet or exceed the number of input images.
Finally, to create one or more empty spaces in the sequence of tiles, use the "NULL:" image format.
Note, a composite MIFF image displayed to an X server with display behaves differently than other images.
You can think of the composite as a visual image directory. Choose a particular tile of the composite and
press a button to display it. See display(1) and miff(5)Gm Time
Gm Version
Identify Options
Options are processed in command line order. Any option you specify on the command line remains in effect
for the set of images immediately following, until the set is terminated by the appearance of any option
or -noop.
For a more detailed description of each option, see Options, above.
-authenticate<string>
decrypt image with this password
-debug<events>
enable debug printout
-define<key>{=<value>},...
add coder/decoder specific options
-density<width>x<height>
horizontal and vertical resolution in pixels of the image
-depth<value>
depth of the image
-format<string>
output formatted image characteristics
-help print usage instructions
-interlace<type>
the type of interlacing scheme
-limit<type><value>
Disk, File, Map, Memory, Pixels, Width, Height, Read, Threads, or Write resource limit
-log<string>
Specify format for debug log
-ping efficiently determine image characteristics
-sampling-factor<horizontal_factor>x<vertical_factor>
chroma subsampling factors
-size<width>x<height>{+offset}
width and height of the image
-verbose
print detailed information about the image
-version
print detailed GraphicsMagick version/build information
-version
print compact GNU-style GraphicsMagick version information
For a more detailed description of each option, see Options, above.
Image Annotation
An image is annotated interactively. There is no command line argument to annotate an image. To begin,
choose Annotate of the ImageEdit sub-menu from the Command widget. Alternatively, press a in the image
window.
A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the image window. You are now in annotate
mode. To exit immediately, press Dismiss. In annotate mode, the Command widget has these options:
FontName
fixed
variable
5x8
6x10
7x13bold
8x13bold
9x15bold
10x20
12x24
Browser...
FontColor
black
blue
cyan
green
gray
red
magenta
yellow
white
transparent
Browser...
BoxColor
black
blue
cyan
green
gray
red
magenta
yellow
white
transparent
Browser...
RotateText
-90
-45
-30
0
30
45
90
180
Dialog...
HelpDismiss
Choose a font name from the FontName sub-menu. Additional font names can be specified with the font
browser. You can change the menu names by setting the X resources font1 through font9.
Choose a font color from the FontColor sub-menu. Additional font colors can be specified with the color
browser. You can change the menu colors by setting the X resources pen1 through pen9.
If you select the color browser and press Grab, you can choose the font color by moving the pointer to
the desired color on the screen and press any button.
If you choose to rotate the text, choose RotateText from the menu and select an angle. Typically you
will only want to rotate one line of text at a time. Depending on the angle you choose, subsequent lines
may end up overwriting each other.
Choosing a font and its color is optional. The default font is fixed and the default color is black.
However, you must choose a location to begin entering text and press a button. An underscore character
will appear at the location of the pointer. The cursor changes to a pencil to indicate you are in text
mode. To exit immediately, press Dismiss.
In text mode, any key presses will display the character at the location of the underscore and advance
the underscore cursor. Enter your text and once completed press Apply to finish your image annotation. To
correct errors press BACKSPACE. To delete an entire line of text, press DELETE. Any text that exceeds
the boundaries of the image window is automatically continued onto the next line.
The actual color you request for the font is saved in the image. However, the color that appears in your
Image window may be different. For example, on a monochrome screen the text will appear black or white
even if you choose the color red as the font color. However, the image saved to a file with -write is
written with red lettering. To assure the correct color text in the final image, any PseudoClass image is
promoted to DirectClass (see miff(5)). To force a PseudoClass image to remain PseudoClass, use -colors.
Image Chopping
An image is chopped interactively. There is no command line argument to chop an image. To begin, choose
Chop of the Transform sub-menu from the Command widget. Alternatively, press [ in the Image window.
You are now in Chop mode. To exit immediately, press Dismiss. In Chop mode, the Command widget has these
options:
Direction
horizontal
vertical
HelpDismiss
If the you choose the horizontal direction (this is the default), the area of the image between the two
horizontal endpoints of the chop line is removed. Otherwise, the area of the image between the two
vertical endpoints of the chop line is removed.
Select a location within the image window to begin your chop, press and hold any button. Next, move the
pointer to another location in the image. As you move a line will connect the initial location and the
pointer. When you release the button, the area within the image to chop is determined by which direction
you choose from the Command widget.
To cancel the image chopping, move the pointer back to the starting point of the line and release the
button.
Image Compositing
An image composite is created interactively. Thereisnocommandlineargumenttocompositeanimage. To
begin, choose Composite of the ImageEdit from the Command widget. Alternatively, press x in the Image
window.
First a popup window is displayed requesting you to enter an image name. Press Composite, Grab or type a
file name. Press Cancel if you choose not to create a composite image. When you choose Grab, move the
pointer to the desired window and press any button.
If the Composite image does not have any matte information, you are informed and the file browser is
displayed again. Enter the name of a mask image. The image is typically grayscale and the same size as
the composite image. If the image is not grayscale, it is converted to grayscale and the resulting
intensities are used as matte information.
A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the image window. You are now in composite
mode. To exit immediately, press Dismiss. In composite mode, the Command widget has these options:
Operators
over
in
out
atop
xor
plus
minus
add
subtract
difference
bumpmap
replace
BlendDisplaceHelpDismiss
Choose a composite operation from the Operators sub-menu of the Command widget. How each operator behaves
is described below. image window is the image currently displayed on your X server and image is the image
obtained
over The result is the union of the two image shapes, with image obscuring imagewindow in the region
of overlap.
in The result is simply image cut by the shape of imagewindow. None of the image data of image
window is in the result.
out The resulting image is image with the shape of imagewindow cut out.
atop The result is the same shape as imagewindow, with image obscuring imagewindow where the image
shapes overlap. Note this differs from over because the portion of image outside imagewindow's
shape does not appear in the result.
xor The result is the image data from both image and imagewindow that is outside the overlap region.
The overlap region is blank.
plus The result is just the sum of the image data. Output values are cropped to 255 (no overflow).
This operation is independent of the matte channels.
minus The result of image - imagewindow, with underflow cropped to zero. The matte channel is ignored
(set to 255, full coverage).
add The result of image + imagewindow, with overflow wrapping around (mod 256).
subtract
The result of image - imagewindow, with underflow wrapping around (mod 256). The add and
subtract operators can be used to perform reversible transformations.
difference
The result of abs(image - imagewindow). This is useful for comparing two very similar images.
bumpmap
The result of imagewindow shaded by window.
replace
The resulting image is imagewindow replaced with image. Here the matte information is ignored.
The image compositor requires a matte, or alpha channel in the image for some operations. This
extra channel usually defines a mask which represents a sort of a cookie-cutter for the image.
This is the case when matte is 255 (full coverage) for pixels inside the shape, zero outside, and
between zero and 255 on the boundary. If image does not have a matte channel, it is initialized
with 0 for any pixel matching in color to pixel location (0,0), otherwise 255. See Matte Editing
for a method of defining a matte channel.
If you choose blend, the composite operator becomes over. The image matte channel percent
transparency is initialized to factor. The image window is initialized to (100-factor). Where
factor is the value you specify in the Dialog widget.
Displace shifts the image pixels as defined by a displacement map. With this option, image is
used as a displacement map. Black, within the displacement map, is a maximum positive
displacement. White is a maximum negative displacement and middle gray is neutral. The
displacement is scaled to determine the pixel shift. By default, the displacement applies in both
the horizontal and vertical directions. However, if you specify mask, image is the horizontal X
displacement and mask the vertical Y displacement.
Note that matte information for image window is not retained for colormapped X server visuals
(e.g. StaticColor,StaticColor,GrayScale,PseudoColor). Correct compositing behavior may
require a TrueColor or DirectColor visual or a StandardColormap.
Choosing a composite operator is optional. The default operator is replace. However, you must
choose a location to composite your image and press button 1. Press and hold the button before
releasing and an outline of the image will appear to help you identify your location.
The actual colors of the composite image is saved. However, the color that appears in image window
may be different. For example, on a monochrome screen Image window will appear black or white even
though your composited image may have many colors. If the image is saved to a file it is written
with the correct colors. To assure the correct colors are saved in the final image, any
PseudoClass image is promoted to DirectClass (see miff). To force a PseudoClass image to remain
PseudoClass, use -colors.
Image Copying
To begin, press choose Copy of the Edit sub-menu from the Command widget. Alternatively, press F4 in the
image window.
A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the image window. You are now in copy mode.
In copy mode, the Command widget has these options:
Help
Dismiss
To define a copy region, press button 1 and drag. The copy region is defined by a highlighted rectangle
that expands or contracts as it follows the pointer. Once you are satisfied with the copy region, release
the button. You are now in rectify mode. In rectify mode, the Command widget has these options:
Copy
Help
Dismiss
You can make adjustments by moving the pointer to one of the copy rectangle corners, pressing a button,
and dragging. Finally, press Copy to commit your copy region. To exit without copying the image, press
Dismiss.
Image Cropping
To begin, press choose Crop of the Transform submenu from the Command widget. Alternatively, press C in
the image window.
A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the image window. You are now in crop mode.
In crop mode, the Command widget has these options:
HelpDismiss
To define a cropping region, press button 1 and drag. The cropping region is defined by a highlighted
rectangle that expands or contracts as it follows the pointer. Once you are satisfied with the cropping
region, release the button. You are now in rectify mode. In rectify mode, the Command widget has these
options:
CropHelpDismiss
You can make adjustments by moving the pointer to one of the cropping rectangle corners, pressing a
button, and dragging. Finally, press Crop to commit your cropping region. To exit without cropping the
image, press Dismiss.
Image Cutting
Note that cut information for image window is not retained for colormapped X server visuals (e.g.
StaticColor, StaticColor, GRAYScale, PseudoColor). Correct cutting behavior may require a TrueColor or
DirectColor visual or a StandardColormap.
To begin, press choose Cut of the Edit sub-menu from the Command widget. Alternatively, press F3 in the
image window.
A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the image window. You are now in cut mode.
In cut mode, the Command widget has these options:
HelpDismiss
To define a cut region, press button 1 and drag. The cut region is defined by a highlighted rectangle
that expands or contracts as it follows the pointer. Once you are satisfied with the cut region, release
the button. You are now in rectify mode. In rectify mode, the Command widget has these options:
CutHelpDismiss
You can make adjustments by moving the pointer to one of the cut rectangle corners, pressing a button,
and dragging. Finally, press Cut to commit your copy region. To exit without cutting the image, press
Dismiss.
Image Drawing
An image is drawn upon interactively. Thereisnocommandlineargumenttodrawonanimage. To begin,
choose Draw of the Image Edit sub-menu from the Command widget. Alternatively, press d in the image
window.
The cursor changes to a crosshair to indicate you are in draw mode. To exit immediately, press Dismiss.
In draw mode, the Command widget has these options:
Primitive
point
line
rectangle
fill rectangle
circle
fill circle
ellipse
fill ellipse
polygon
fill polygon
Color
black
blue
cyan
green
gray
red
magenta
yellow
white
transparent
Browser...
Stipple
Brick
Diagonal
Scales
Vertical
Wavy
Translucent
Opaque
Open...
Width
1
2
4
8
16
Dialog...
UndoHelpDismiss
Choose a drawing primitive from the Primitive sub-menu.
Next, choose a color from the Color sub-menu. Additional colors can be specified with the color browser.
You can change the menu colors by setting the X resources pen1 through pen9. The transparent color
updates the image matte channel and is useful for image compositing.
If you choose the color browser and press Grab, you can select the primitive color by moving the pointer
to the desired color on the screen and press any button. The transparent color updates the image matte
channel and is useful for image compositing.
Choose a stipple, if appropriate, from the Stipple sub-menu. Additional stipples can be specified with
the file browser. Stipples obtained from the file browser must be on disk in the X11 bitmap format.
Choose a line width, if appropriate, from the Width sub-menu. To choose a specific width select the
Dialog widget.
Choose a point in the image window and press button 1 and hold. Next, move the pointer to another
location in the image. As you move, a line connects the initial location and the pointer. When you
release the button, the image is updated with the primitive you just drew. For polygons, the image is
updated when you press and release the button without moving the pointer.
To cancel image drawing, move the pointer back to the starting point of the line and release the button.
Image Loading
To select an image to display, choose Open of the File sub-menu from the Command widget. A file browser
is displayed. To choose a particular image file, move the pointer to the filename and press any button.
The filename is copied to the text window. Next, press Open or press the RETURN key. Alternatively, you
can type the image file name directly into the text window. To descend directories, choose a directory
name and press the button twice quickly. A scrollbar allows a large list of filenames to be moved through
the viewing area if it exceeds the size of the list area.
You can trim the list of file names by using shell globbing characters. For example, type *.jpg to list
only files that end with .jpg.
To select your image from the X server screen instead of from a file, Choose Grab of the Open widget.
Image Panning
When an image exceeds the width or height of the X server screen, display maps a small panning icon. The
rectangle within the panning icon shows the area that is currently displayed in the the image window. To
pan about the image, press any button and drag the pointer within the panning icon. The pan rectangle
moves with the pointer and the image window is updated to reflect the location of the rectangle within
the panning icon. When you have selected the area of the image you wish to view, release the button.
Use the arrow keys to pan the image one pixel up, down, left, or right within the image window.
The panning icon is withdrawn if the image becomes smaller than the dimensions of the X server screen.
Image Pasting
To begin, press choose Paste of the Edit sub-menu from the Command widget. Alternatively, press F5 in the
image window.
A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the image window. You are now in Paste mode.
To exit immediately, press Dismiss. In Paste mode, the Command widget has these options:
Operators
over
in
out
atop
xor
plus
minus
add
subtract
difference
multiply
bumpmap
replace
HelpDismiss
Choose a composite operation from the Operators sub-menu of the Command widget. How each operator behaves
is described below. imagewindow is the image currently displayed on your X server and image is the image
obtained with the File Browser widget.
over The result is the union of the two image shapes, with image obscuring imagewindow in the region
of overlap.
in The result is simply image cut by the shape of imagewindow. None of the image data of image
window is in the result.
out The resulting image is image with the shape of imagewindow cut out.
atop The result is the same shape as imagewindow, with image obscuring imagewindow where the image
shapes overlap. Note this differs from over because the portion of image outside imagewindow's
shape does not appear in the result.
xor The result is the image data from both image and imagewindow that is outside the overlap region.
The overlap region is blank.
plus The result is just the sum of the image data. Output values are cropped to the maximum value (no
overflow). This operation is independent of the matte channels.
minus The result of image - imagewindow, with underflow cropped to zero. The matte channel is ignored
(set to opaque, full coverage).
add The result of image + imagewindow, with overflow wrapping around (mod MaxRGB+1).
subtract
The result of image - imagewindow, with underflow wrapping around (mod MaxRGB+1). The add and
subtract operators can be used to perform reversible transformations.
difference
The result of abs(image - imagewindow). This is useful for comparing two very similar images.
multiply
The result of image * imagewindow. This is useful for the creation of drop-shadows.
bumpmap
The result of imagewindow shaded by window.
replace
The resulting image is imagewindow replaced with image. Here the matte information is ignored.
The image compositor requires a matte, or alpha channel in the image for some operations. This
extra channel usually defines a mask which represents a sort of a cookie-cutter for the image.
This is the case when matte is 255 (full coverage) for pixels inside the shape, zero outside, and
between zero and 255 on the boundary. If image does not have a matte channel, it is initialized
with 0 for any pixel matching in color to pixel location (0,0), otherwise 255. See Matte Editing
for a method of defining a matte channel.
Note that matte information for image window is not retained for colormapped X server visuals
(e.g. StaticColor,StaticColor,GrayScale,PseudoColor). Correct compositing behavior may require
a TrueColor or DirectColor visual or a StandardColormap.
Choosing a composite operator is optional. The default operator is replace. However, you must
choose a location to composite your image and press button 1. Press and hold the button before
releasing and an outline of the image will appear to help you identify your location.
The actual colors of the pasted image is saved. However, the color that appears in image window
may be different. For example, on a monochrome screen image window will appear black or white even
though your pasted image may have many colors. If the image is saved to a file it is written with
the correct colors. To assure the correct colors are saved in the final image, any PseudoClass
image is promoted to DirectClass. To force a PseudoClass image to remain PseudoClass, use
-colors.
Image Rotation
Press the / key to rotate the image 90 degrees or \ to rotate -90 degrees. To interactively choose the
degree of rotation, choose Rotate... of the Transform submenu from the Command Widget. Alternatively,
press * in the image window.
A small horizontal line is drawn next to the pointer. You are now in rotate mode. To exit immediately,
press Dismiss. In rotate mode, the Command widget has these options:
PixelColor
black
blue
cyan
green
gray
red
magenta
yellow
white
Browser...
Direction
horizontal
vertical
HelpDismiss
Choose a background color from the Pixel Color sub-menu. Additional background colors can be specified
with the color browser. You can change the menu colors by setting the X resources pen1 through pen9.
If you choose the color browser and press Grab, you can select the background color by moving the pointer
to the desired color on the screen and press any button.
Choose a point in the image window and press this button and hold. Next, move the pointer to another
location in the image. As you move a line connects the initial location and the pointer. When you release
the button, the degree of image rotation is determined by the slope of the line you just drew. The slope
is relative to the direction you choose from the Direction sub-menu of the Command widget.
To cancel the image rotation, move the pointer back to the starting point of the line and release the
button.
Keyboard Accelerators
Accelerators are one or two key presses that effect a particular command. The keyboard accelerators that
display understands is:
Ctl+O Press to load an image from a file.
space Press to display the next image.
If the image is a multi-paged document such as a PostScript document, you can skip ahead several pages by
preceding this command with a number. For example to display the fourth page beyond the current page,
press 4space.
backspace Press to display the former image.
If the image is a multi-paged document such as a PostScript document, you can skip behind several pages
by preceding this command with a number. For example to display the fourth page preceding the current
page, press 4n.
Ctl-S Press to save the image to a file.
Ctl-P Press to print the image to a
PostScript printer.
Ctl-D Press to delete an image file.
Ctl-N Press to create a blank canvas.
Ctl-Q Press to discard all images and exit program.
Ctl+Z Press to undo last image transformation.
Ctl+R Press to redo last image transformation.
Ctl-X Press to cut a region of
the image.
Ctl-C Press to copy a region of
the image.
Ctl-V Press to paste a region to
the image.
< Press to halve the image size.
. Press to return to the original image size.
> Press to double the image size.
% Press to resize the image to a width and height
you specify.
Cmd-A Press to make any image transformations
permanent.
By default, any image size transformations are
applied to the original image to create the
image displayed on the X server. However, the
transformations are not permanent (i.e. the
original image does not change size only the
X image does). For example, if you press ">"
the X image will appear to double in size, but
the original image will in fact remain the same
size. To force the original image to double in
size, press ">" followed by "Cmd-A".
@ Press to refresh the image window.
C Press to crop the image.
[ Press to chop the image.
H Press to flop image in the horizontal direction.
V Press to flip image in the vertical direction.
/ Press to rotate the image 90 degrees clockwise.
\ Press to rotate the image 90 degrees
counter-clockwise.
* Press to rotate the image
the number of degrees you specify.
S Press to shear the image the number of degrees
you specify.
R Press to roll the image.
T Press to trim the image edges.
Shft-H Press to vary the color hue.
Shft-S Press to vary the color saturation.
Shft-L Press to vary the image brightness.
Shft-G Press to gamma correct the image.
Shft-C Press to spiff up the image contrast.
Shft-Z Press to dull the image contrast.
= Press to perform histogram equalization on
the image.
Shft-N Press to perform histogram normalization on
the image.
Shft-~ Press to negate the colors of the image.
. Press to convert the image colors to gray.
Shft-# Press to set the maximum number of unique
colors in the image.
F2 Press to reduce the speckles in an image.
F2 Press to emboss an image.
F4 Press to eliminate peak noise from an image.
F5 Press to add noise to an image.
F6 Press to sharpen an image.
F7 Press to blur image an image.
F8 Press to threshold the image.
F9 Press to detect edges within an image.
F10 Press to displace pixels by a random amount.
F11 Press to shade the image using a distant light
source.
F12 Press to lighten or darken image edges to
create a 3-D effect.
F13 Press to segment the image by color.
Meta-S Press to swirl image pixels about the center.
Meta-I Press to implode image pixels about the center.
Meta-W Press to alter an image along a sine wave.
Meta-P Press to simulate an oil painting.
Meta-C Press to simulate a charcoal drawing.
Alt-X Press to composite the image
with another.
Alt-A Press to annotate the image with text.
Alt-D Press to draw a line on the image.
Alt-P Press to edit an image pixel color.
Alt-M Press to edit the image matte information.
Alt-X Press to composite the image with another.
Alt-A Press to add a border to the image.
Alt-F Press to add a ornamental frame to the image.
Alt-Shft-! Press to add an image comment.
Ctl-A Press to apply image processing techniques to a
region of interest.
Shft-? Press to display information about the image.
Shft-+ Press to map the zoom image window.
Shft-P Press to preview an image enhancement, effect,
or f/x.
F1 Press to display helpful information about
the "display" utility.
Find Press to browse documentation about
GraphicsMagick.
1-9 Press to change the level of magnification.
Use the arrow keys to move the image one pixel up, down, left, or right within the magnify window. Be
sure to first map the magnify window by pressing button 2.
Press ALT and one of the arrow keys to trim off one pixel from any side of the image.
Magick Scripting Language
The Magick Scripting Language (MSL) presently defines the following elements and their attributes:
<image>
background, color, id, size
Define a new image object. </image> destroys it. Because of this, if you wish to reference
multiple "subimages" (aka pages or layers), you can embed one image element inside of
another. For example:
<image>
<read filename="input.png" />
<get width="base-width" height="base-height" />
<image height="base-height" width="base-width">
<image />
<write filename="output.mng" />
</image>
<image size="400x400" />
<group>
Define a new group of image objects. By default, images are only valid for the life of
their <image>element.
<image> -- creates the image
..... -- do stuff with it
</image> -- dispose of the image
However, in a group, all images in that group will stay around for the life of the group:
<group> -- start a group
<image> -- create an image
.... -- do stuff
</image> -- NOOP
<image> -- create another image
.... -- do more stuff
</image> -- NOOP
<write filename="image.mng" /> -- output
</group> -- dispose of both images
<read>
filename
Read a new image from a disk file.
<read filename="image.gif" />
To read two images use
<read filename="image.gif" />
<read filename="image.png />
<write>
filename
Write the image(s) to disk, either as a single multiple-image file or multiple ones if
necessary.
<write filename=image.tiff" />
<get>
Get any attribute recognized by PerlMagick's GetAttribute() and stores it as an image
attribute for later use. Currently only width and height are supported.
<get width="base-width" height="base-height" />
<print output="Image size is %[base-width]x%[base-height].\n" />
<set>
background, bordercolor, clip-mask, colorspace, density, magick, mattecolor, opacity. Set
an attribute recognized by PerlMagick's GetAttribute().
<profile>
[profilename]
Read one or more IPTC, ICC or generic profiles from file and assign to image
<profile iptc="profile.iptc" generic="generic.dat" />
To remove a specified profile use "!" as the filename eg
<profile icm="!" iptc="profile.iptc" />
<border>
fill, geometry, height, width
<blur>
radius, sigma
<charcoal>
radius, sigma
<chop>
geometry, height, width, x, y
<crop>
geometry, height, width, x, y
<composite>
compose, geometry, gravity, image, x, y
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<group>
<image id="image_01">
<read filename="cloud3.gif"/>
<resize geometry="250x90"/>
</image>
<image id="image_02">
<read filename="cloud4.gif"/>
<resize geometry="190x100"/>
</image>
<image>
<read filename="background.jpg"/>
<composite image="image_01" geometry="+740+470"/>
<composite image="image_02" geometry="+390+415"/>
</image>
<write filename="result.png"/>
</group>
<despeckle><emboss>
radius, sigma
<enhance><equalize><edge>
radius
<flip><flop><frame>
fill, geometry, height, width, x, y, inner, outer
<flatten><get>
height, width
<gamma>
red, green, blue
<image>
background, color, id, size
<implode>
amount
<magnify><minify><medianfilter>
radius
<normalize><oilpaint>
radius
<print>
output
<profile>
[profilename]
<read><resize>
blur, filter, geometry, height, width
<roll>
geometry, x, y
<rotate>
degrees
<reducenoise>
radius
<sample>
geometry, height, width
<scale>
geometry, height, width
<sharpen>
radius, sigma
<shave>
geometry, height, width
<shear>
x, y
<solarize>
threshold
<spread>
radius
<stegano>
image
<stereo>
image
<swirl>
degrees
<texture>
image
<threshold>
threshold
<transparent>
color
<trim>Matte Editing
Matte information within an image is useful for some operations such as image compositing. This extra
channel usually defines a mask which represents a sort of a cookie-cutter for the image. This is the case
when matte is 255 (full coverage) for pixels inside the shape, zero outside, and between zero and 255 on
the boundary.
Setting the matte information in an image is done interactively. There is no command line argument to
edit a pixel. To begin, and choose Matte of the ImageEdit sub-menu from the Command widget.
Alternatively, press m in the image window.
A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the image window. You are now in matte edit
mode. To exit immediately, press Dismiss. In matte edit mode, the Command widget has these options:
Method
point
replace
floodfill
reset
BorderColor
black
blue
cyan
green
gray
red
magenta
yellow
white
Browser...
Fuzz
0
2
4
8
16
Dialog...
MatteUndoHelpDismiss
Choose a matte editing method from the Method sub-menu of the Command widget. The pointmethod changes
the matte value of the any pixel selected with the pointer until the button is released. The replacemethod changes the matte value of any pixel that matches the color of the pixel you select with a button
press. Floodfill changes the matte value of any pixel that matches the color of the pixel you select with
a button press and is a neighbor. Whereas filltoborder recolors any neighbor pixel that is not the border
color. Finally reset changes the entire image to the designated matte value. Choose MatteValue and a
dialog appears requesting a matte value. Enter a value between 0and255. This value is assigned as the
matte value of the selected pixel or pixels. Now, press any button to select a pixel within the Image
window to change its matte value. You can change the matte value of additional pixels by increasing the
Delta value. The Delta value is first added then subtracted from the red, green, and blue of the target
color. Any pixels within the range also have their matte value updated. If the Magnifywidget is mapped,
it can be helpful in positioning your pointer within the image (refer to button 2). Alternatively you can
select a pixel to change the matte value from within the Magnifywidget. Move the pointer to the Magnifywidget and position the pixel with the cursor control keys. Finally, press a button to change the matte
value of the selected pixel (or pixels). Matte information is only valid in a DirectClassimage.
Therefore, any PseudoClass image is promoted to DirectClass. Note that matte information for PseudoClass
is not retained for colormapped X server visuals (e.g. StaticColor,StaticColor,GrayScale,PseudoColor)
unless you immediately save your image to a file (refer to Write). Correct matte editing behavior may
require a TrueColor or DirectColor visual or a StandardColormap.
Options
The version command does not currently support any options.
GraphicsMagick 2025/01/04 gm(1)
Region Of Interest
To begin, press choose Region of Interest of the Pixel Transform sub-menu from the Command widget.
Alternatively, press R in the image window.
A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the image window. You are now in region of
interest mode. In region of interest mode, the Command widget has these options:
HelpDismiss
To define a region of interest, press button 1 and drag. The region of interest is defined by a
highlighted rectangle that expands or contracts as it follows the pointer. Once you are satisfied with
the region of interest, release the button. You are now in apply mode. In apply mode the Command widget
has these options:
File
Save...
Print...
Edit
Undo
Redo
Transform
Flip
Flop
Rotate Right
Rotate Left
Enhance
Hue...
Saturation...
Brightness...
Gamma...
Spiff
Dull
Equalize
Normalize
Negate
GRAYscale
Quantize...
Effects
Despeckle
Emboss
Reduce Noise
Add Noise
Sharpen...
Blur...
Threshold...
Edge Detect...
Spread...
Shade...
Raise...
Segment...
F/X
Solarize...
Swirl...
Implode...
Wave...
Oil Paint
Charcoal Draw...
Miscellany
Image Info
Zoom Image
Show Preview...
Show Histogram
Show Matte
HelpDismiss
You can make adjustments to the region of interest by moving the pointer to one of the rectangle corners,
pressing a button, and dragging. Finally, choose an image processing technique from the Command widget.
You can choose more than one image processing technique to apply to an area. Alternatively, you can move
the region of interest before applying another image processing technique. To exit, press Dismiss.
Synopsis
gmanimate[options...]file[[options...]file...]gmbatch[options...][script]gmbenchmark[options...] subcommand
gmcompare[options...]reference-image[options...]compare-image[options...]gmcomposite[options...]change-imagebase-image[mask-image]output-imagegmconjure[options]script.msl[[options]script.msl]gmconvert[[options...][input-file...][options...]]output-filegmdisplay[options...]file...[[options...]file...]gmidentifyfile[file...]gmimport[options...]filegmmogrify[options...]file...gmmontage[options...]file[[options...]file...]output-filegmtime subcommand
gmversionUser Preferences
Preferences affect the default behavior of display(1). The preferences are either true or false and are
stored in your home directory as .displayrc:
displayimagecenteredonabackdrop"
This backdrop covers the entire workstation screen and is useful for hiding other X window
activity while viewing the image. The color of the backdrop is specified as the background
color. Refer to X Resources for details.
confirmonprogramexit"
Ask for a confirmation before exiting the display(1) program.
correctimagefordisplaygamma"
If the image has a known gamma, the gamma is corrected to match that of the X server (see
the X Resource displayGamma).
displaywarningmessages"
Display any warning messages.
applyFloyd/Steinbergerrordiffusiontoimage"
The basic strategy of dithering is to trade intensity resolution for spatial resolution by
averaging the intensities of several neighboring pixels. Images which suffer from severe
contouring when reducing colors can be improved with this preference.
useasharedcolormapforcolormappedXvisuals"
This option only applies when the default X server visual is PseudoColor or GRAYScale. Refer
to -visual for more details. By default, a shared colormap is allocated. The image shares
colors with other X clients. Some image colors could be approximated, therefore your image
may look very different than intended. Otherwise the image colors appear exactly as they are
defined. However, other clients may go technicolor when the image colormap is installed.
displayimagesasanXserverpixmap"
Images are maintained as a XImage by default. Set this resource to True to utilize a server
Pixmap instead. This option is useful if your image exceeds the dimensions of your server
screen and you intend to pan the image. Panning is much faster with Pixmaps than with a
XImage. Pixmaps are considered a precious resource, use them with discretion.
GMIDENTIFYIdentify describes the format and characteristics of one or more image files as internally
supported by the software. It will also report if an image is incomplete or corrupt. The
information displayed includes the scene number, the file name, the width and height of the image,
whether the image is colormapped or not, the number of colors in the image, the number of bytes in
the image, the format of the image (JPEG, PNM, etc.), and finally the number of seconds in both
user time and elapsed time it took to read and process the image. If -verbose or +ping are
provided as an option, the pixel read rate is also displayed. An example line output from identify
follows:
images/aquarium.miff 640x480 PseudoClass 256c
308135b MIFF 0.000u 0:01
If -verbose is set, expect additional output including any image comment:
Image: images/aquarium.miff
class: PseudoClass
colors: 256
signature: eb5dca81dd93ae7e6ffae99a527eb5dca8...
matte: False
geometry: 640x480
depth: 8
bytes: 308135
format: MIFF
comments:
Imported from MTV raster image: aquarium.mtv
For some formats, additional format-specific information about the file will be written if the
-debug coder or -debug all option is used.
Visual Image Directory
To create a Visual Image Directory, choose Visual Directory of the File sub-menu from the Command widget
. A file browser is displayed. To create a Visual Image Directory from all the images in the current
directory, press Directory or press the RETURNkey. Alternatively, you can select a set of image names
by using shell globbing characters. For example, type *.jpg to include only files that end with .jpg. To
descend directories, choose a directory name and press the button twice quickly. A scrollbar allows a
large list of filenames to be moved through the viewing area if it exceeds the size of the list area.
After you select a set of files, they are turned into thumbnails and tiled onto a single image. Now move
the pointer to a particular thumbnail and press button3 and drag. Finally, select Open. The image
represented by the thumbnail is displayed at its full size. Choose Next from the File sub-menu of the
Command widget to return to the Visual Image Directory.
X Resources
Montage options can appear on the command line or in your X resource file. Options on the command line
supersede values specified in your X resource file. See X(1) for more information on X resources.
All montage options have a corresponding X resource. In addition, montage uses the following X resources:
background(classBackground)
background color
Specifies the preferred color to use for the composite image background. The default is #ccc.
borderColor(classBorderColor)
border color
Specifies the preferred color to use for the composite image border. The default is #ccc.
borderWidth(classBorderWidth)
border width
Specifies the width in pixels of the composite image border. The default is 2.
font(classFont)
font to use
Specifies the name of the preferred font to use when displaying text within the composite image.
The default is 9x15, fixed, or 5x8 determined by the composite image size.
matteColor(classMatteColor)
color of the frame
Specify the color of an image frame. A 3D effect is achieved by using highlight and shadow colors
derived from this color. The default value is #697B8F.
pen(classPen)
text color
Specifies the preferred color to use for text within the composite image. The default is black.
title(classTitle)
composite image title
This resource specifies the title to be placed at the top of the composite image. The default is
not to place a title at the top of the composite image.
PNG Icons
Emojis
