This manual page is part of the POSIX Programmer's Manual. The Linux implementation of this interface

       If the pathname obtained from pwd is longer than {PATH_MAX} bytes, it could produce an error if passed to
       cd.  Therefore, in order to return to that directory it may be  necessary  to  break  the  pathname  into
       sections shorter than {PATH_MAX} and call cd on each section in turn (the first section being an absolute
       pathname and subsequent sections being relative pathnames).

       Default.

       If  an  error  is detected, output shall not be written to standard output, a diagnostic message shall be
       written to standard error, and the exit status is not zero.

       Thefollowingsectionsareinformative.

       Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form from IEEE Std 1003.1-2017, Standard
       for  Information  Technology  --  Portable  Operating  System  Interface  (POSIX),  The  Open  Group Base
       Specifications Issue 7, 2018 Edition, Copyright (C) 2018 by the Institute of Electrical  and  Electronics
       Engineers, Inc and The Open Group.  In the event of any discrepancy between this version and the original
       IEEE  and The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard is the referee document.
       The original Standard can be obtained online at http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

       Any typographical or formatting errors that appear in this page are most likely to have  been  introduced
       during   the   conversion  of  the  source  files  to  man  page  format.  To  report  such  errors,  see
       https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/reporting_bugs.html .

IEEE/The Open Group                                   2017                                           PWD(1POSIX)

       The  pwd  utility  shall  write to standard output an absolute pathname of the current working directory,
       which does not contain the filenames dot or dot-dot.

       The following environment variables shall affect the execution of pwd:

       LANG      Provide a default value for the internationalization variables that are unset or null. (See the
                 Base Definitions volume  of  POSIX.1‐2017,  Section8.2,  InternationalizationVariables  the
                 precedence   of   internationalization  variables  used  to  determine  the  values  of  locale
                 categories.)

       LC_ALL    If set to a non-empty string value, override the values of all the  other  internationalization
                 variables.

       LC_MESSAGES
                 Determine  the  locale  that  should  be  used  to affect the format and contents of diagnostic
                 messages written to standard error.

       NLSPATH   Determine the location of message catalogs for the processing of LC_MESSAGES.

       PWD       An absolute pathname of the current working directory. If an application  sets  or  unsets  the
                 value of PWD, the behavior of pwd is unspecified.

       None.

       The following exit values shall be returned:

        0    Successful completion.

       >0    An error occurred.

       None.

       None.

       None.

       pwd — return working directory name

       None.

       The pwd utility shall conform to the Base Definitions  volume  of  POSIX.1‐2017,  Section12.2,  UtilitySyntaxGuidelines.

       The following options shall be supported by the implementation:

       -L        If  the PWD environment variable contains an absolute pathname of the current directory and the
                 pathname does not contain any components that are dot or dot-dot, pwd shall write this pathname
                 to standard output, except that if the PWD environment variable is longer than {PATH_MAX} bytes
                 including the terminating null, it is unspecified whether pwd writes this pathname to  standard
                 output or behaves as if the -P option had been specified. Otherwise, the -L option shall behave
                 as the -P option.

       -P        The pathname written to standard output shall not contain any components that refer to files of
                 type  symbolic  link.  If  there  are  multiple  pathnames  that the pwd utility could write to
                 standard output, one beginning with a single <slash> character and one or more  beginning  with
                 two  <slash>  characters,  then  it  shall  write  the pathname beginning with a single <slash>
                 character. The pathname shall not contain any unnecessary <slash> characters after the  leading
                 one or two <slash> characters.

       If  both  -L  and  -P are specified, the last one shall apply. If neither -L nor -P is specified, the pwd
       utility shall behave as if -L had been specified.

       None.

       This  manual  page  is part of the POSIX Programmer's Manual.  The Linux implementation of this interface
       may differ (consult the corresponding Linux manual page for details of Linux behavior), or the  interface
       may not be implemented on Linux.

       Some implementations have historically provided pwd as a shell special built-in command.

       In  most  utilities,  if an error occurs, partial output may be written to standard output. This does not
       happen in historical implementations of pwd.  Because pwd is frequently used in historical shell  scripts
       without  checking  the  exit  status,  it  is  important  that  the historical behavior is required here;
       therefore, the CONSEQUENCES OF ERRORS section specifically disallows any partial output being written  to
       standard output.

       An  earlier  version  of  this standard stated that the PWD environment variable was affected when the -P
       option was in effect. This was incorrect; conforming implementations do not do this.

cd

       The Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2017, Chapter8,  EnvironmentVariables,  Section12.2,  UtilitySyntaxGuidelines

       The System Interfaces volume of POSIX.1‐2017, getcwd()

       The standard error shall be used only for diagnostic messages.

       Not used.

       The pwd utility output is an absolute pathname of the current working directory:

           "%s\n", <directorypathname>

       pwd [-L|-P]